From juniku at hotmail.com Tue Aug 1 20:29:02 2000 From: juniku at hotmail.com (Uk Lushi) Date: Tue Aug 1 20:29:02 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Kosovo conflict leaves legacy of mental health problems: study (AFP, 01-Aug-2000) Message-ID: >Kosovo conflict leaves legacy of mental health problems: study > >Tuesday, 01-Aug-2000 1:00PM > >CHICAGO, Aug 1 (AFP) - The Kosovo conflict took a heavy mental toll of >many Kosovar Albanians, leaving them with mental health problems and >even post-traumatic stress disorder, according to a study released >Tuesday. > Researchers who surveyed 1,358 Kosovar Albanians reported that 43 >percent showed signs of psychiatric illness, according to the study in >the Journal of the American Medical Association. > A quarter of those interviewed said they had had friends or family >murdered, or had witnessed the murder of a stranger, while two thirds >had found themselves in a combat situation, close to death, or deprived >of food and water, the study said. > About 17 percent displayed the symptoms of post-traumatic stress >disorder -- a reaction to a psychologically traumatic event which can >include insomnia, nightmares, and hypervigilance. > The elderly, those aged 65 or more, and those Kosovar Albanians who >had not managed to flee the region during the conflict and had been >persecuted by Serbian troops, were the most likely to have succumbed to >some form of mental illness, the authors of the study wrote. > "The high rates of poor mental health status among those internally >displaced and refugees who have returned to Kosovo also raises concern >for the mental health of those who remain in countries of asylum and >resettlement," wrote the authors. > More than 800,000 people fled the predominantly ethnic-Albanian >province of Kosovo and sought refuge in Albania, Montenegro and >Macedonia during the 1998-1999 Kosovo conflict. > By the time NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) began its >bombing campaign against Serbia on March 24, 1999, about 260,000 people >had fled their homes and were on the move in the region, the study said. > The survey of Albanians aged 15 and over was conducted between >August and October 1999, by the Centers for Disease Control and >Prevention in Atlanta, and the Institute for Mental Health Recovery in >Pristina, Kosovo. > >Story from AFP Copyright 2000 by Agence France-Presse (via ClariNet) ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From juniku at hotmail.com Tue Aug 1 20:44:01 2000 From: juniku at hotmail.com (Uk Lushi) Date: Tue Aug 1 20:44:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] IWPR'S BALKAN CRISIS REPORT, NO. 161 Message-ID: >>ALBANIANS SEEK TO ASSUAGE WESTERN FEARS >> >>Albanian leaders in the Balkans are seeking to reassure the West that they >>have no desire to create a 'Greater Albania'. >> >>By Gabriel Partos in London >> >>A year after the signing of the Stability Pact, politicians across the >>Balkans - and beyond - continue to express concern over demands for an >>independent Kosovo. They fear the province's secession from Yugoslavia may >>lead to the creation of a 'Greater Albania' and threaten regional >>stability. >> >> >>Albanian leaders, by contrast, have been attempting to reassure their >>foreign counterparts that they have no intention of establishing >>an enlarged Albanian state, including Albania, >>Kosovo and possibly parts of FYROM, Montenegro and even Greece. >> >>President Rexhep Meidani recently declared Tirana's goal was not >>"constructing a 'Greater Albania' but contributing to the emergence of a >>'Greater Europe'. " >> >>But forging closer links with the European Union and NATO will require >>more >>wide-ranging collaboration between Balkan nations. >> >>The six million ethnic Albanians scattered across the region provide a >>natural foundation for this kind of cooperation. They share a common >>language, often have close family ties and similar ways of doing business. >> >>With the disappearance of the "Iron Curtain" separating Albania and Kosovo >>- >>the two largest and most important Albanian centres - a Pan-Albanian >>agenda >>has emerged. >> >>This has been made possible by closer cross-border links among Albanian >>communities and much-improved relations between Albania, Macedonia and >>Montenegro. Skopje, Tirana and Podgorica have been eager to improve >>relations for a variety of reasons, ranging from a desire to reduce >>inter-ethnic tensions at home to increasing their share of Stability >>Pact assistance. >> >>One of the first moves towards a Pan-Albanian agenda came within weeks of >>the end of the Kosovo conflict when the then Albanian Prime Minister, >>Pandeli Majko, called for a common educational strategy for Albanians >>across >>the Balkans. >> >>Since then, the Pan-Albanian project has acquired a broader political and >>economic direction. In March this year, the leader of the governing >>Socialist Party of Albania, SPA, Fatos Nano, called for the establishment >>of >>a Pan-Albanian political forum to promote regional stability and European >>integration. >> >>The forum set out to help coordinate the interests of all Albanians in the >>Balkans, while its designation was careful to stress that the framework >>for >>cooperation would stay well within the accepted limits of the Stability >>Pact. >> >>Nano's proposal was followed up in May by a meeting between Albanian Prime >>Minister, Ilir Meta, Hashim Thaci, the leader of the Democratic Party of >>Kosovo - the political successor to the Kosovo Liberation Army, KLA - and >>Arben Xhaferi, president of the Democratic Party of Albanians in >>Macedonia. >> >>The Pan-Albanian idea as it is now pursued has three purposes: to reassure >>neighbours that the 'Greater Albanian' project is not on the table; to >>facilitate cross-border links between Albanians; and to outmanoeuvre >>domestic >>political opponents who may be toying with more radical Albanian >>nationalist ideas. >> >>In terms of the Pan-Albanian project's agenda, the initial results are >>mixed. In the area of broader cross-border cooperation, there is expanding >>trade >>and other links, particularly between Albania and Kosovo and between >>Kosovo >>and Macedonia. >>But much of that expansion is driven by private enterprise - sometimes in >>the guise of smuggling and organised crime. It has, until now, had >>relatively little to do with government action or international aid within >>the framework of the Stability Pact. >> >>Notwithstanding Albania's improved relations with its neighbours, >>suspicions over its goals remain. Among those who feel particularly >>hostile to - or threatened by - Albanian nationalism, the Pan-Albanian >>idea >>is regarded as a new, more sophisticated rebranded version of the 'Greater >>Albania' >>project. >> >>On the Albanian government's domestic front, the Pan-Albanian idea has >>been >>used to wrong-foot the leader of the opposition Democratic Party, Sali >>Berisha, >>who just three months after the end of the Kosovo conflict warned that >>unless neighbouring countries stopped treating their ethnic Albanian >>inhabitants as second-class citizens, Albanians living across the Balkans >>would unite in a federation. Berisha's militant tone - repeated on other >>occasions - contributed to the United Nations' unprecedented decision to >>bar >>him from entering Kosovo in June this year. >> >>By using the language of Pan-Albanianism, the Socialist-led governing >>coalition is trying to isolate Berisha in the run up to this >>autumn's municipal elections. The SPA has enlisted Thaci's and Xhaferi's >>help - important >>since they lead the most powerful ethnic Albanian parties in Kosovo and >>Macedonia. They too are facing a challenge from other ethnic Albanian >>parties and want to portray themselves as being firm on the Albanian >>national >>agenda as well as imaginative in its application. >> >>Long-standing links, particularly between the SPA and the KLA, have also >>helped bring these parties together. Besides, all three parties are key >>players in the >>administrations of Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia. Their position in power >>lays >>them open to criticism from rival Albanian parties. A commitment to the >>Albanian national cause - and its application through the Pan-Albanian >>agenda - is one way in which they can >>fight off their critics. >> >>Gabriel Partos is the BBC World Service's South-east Europe analyst ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From mehollim at hotmail.com Tue Aug 1 21:03:01 2000 From: mehollim at hotmail.com (Mimoza Meholli) Date: Tue Aug 1 21:03:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fwd: [nisjobs] MErcy Corps Positions (Various Locations) Message-ID: >TB Project Manager - Kosova >Mercy Corps is seeking a flexible and determined individual to develop and >supervise our TB Treatment Pilot Project in Kosovo. This position requires >certification as a Registered Nurse, Nurse Practitioner or Physician >Assistant with 4 years international community development and 2 years >project management experience. Two years experience with developing and >implementing training and educational programs is necessary. One year >experience in a medical follow-up program involving compliance strategies >is >required. Effective verbal and written communication, flexibility, >multi-tasking, organizational, prioritization skills are vital. >Demonstrated >attention to detail, ability to follow procedures, meet deadlines and work >independently and cooperatively with team members is required. Regional >experience is preferred. Please reference job number TBKOININ283 and submit >resume, salary requirements, and coverletter to On-Line Jobs Bulletin, >Mercy >Corps, 3015 SW 1st, Portland, OR 97201, fax to 503-796-6844 or via email to >jobs at mercycorps.org. > >. >Microcredit Program Manager -Balkans >Mercy Corps , a young, creative and entrepreneurial international NGO, >seeks >talented professionals to join its established and growing microcredit >programs in the Balkans. We are committed to the development of >sustainable, impact-oriented lending institutions, whether created from >within or through local partners. The ideal candidate will have a mix of >relevant private sector and NGO experience and will have exceptional skills >in many or all of the following areas: banking, financial analysis and >forecasting, institutional development, staff mentoring and training, donor >relations and inter-agency coordination and leadership. Required are >strong >program conceptualization and articulation skills, whether verbal or >written, and a positive-thinking, team player spirit. A relevant academic >background is necessary and previous working experience in a similar >development setting is preferred. Please reference job number GEBAMEMC188 >and submit resume, salary requirements, and coverletter to On-Line Jobs >Bulletin, Mercy Corps, 3015 SW 1st, Portland, OR 97201, fax to 503-796-6844 >or via email to jobs at mercycorps.org. > > >South Balkans Regional Food Program Manager - Kosova >Mercy Corps is seeking a accomplished and knowledgeable specialist to >manage >our food programs in Kosova, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania. This >position requires a BA/S or equivalent in business, management, >development, >agriculture or related field and a minimum of 3 years experience in >overseas >food distribution, preferably with Title II, USDA and WFP. Two years >International field experience with an NGO and an ability to travel >regionally and work long hours in diverse settings is required. Effective >verbal and written communication, multi-tasking, organizational, >prioritization skills are necessary. Demonstrated attention to detail, >ability to follow procedures, meet deadlines and work independently and >cooperatively with team members is required. Experience in the former >Yugoslavia, other Balkan states or with FFP is preferred. Knowledge of >Albanian or Serbo-Croatian language is a plus. Please reference job number >SOKOININ372 and submit resume, salary requirements, and coverletter to >On-Line Jobs Bulletin, Mercy Corps, 3015 SW 1st, Portland, OR 97201, fax to >503-796-6844 or via email to jobs at mercycorps.org. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From juniku at hotmail.com Wed Aug 2 13:55:03 2000 From: juniku at hotmail.com (Uk Lushi) Date: Wed Aug 2 13:55:03 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] JAMA: Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians Following the War in Kosovo (Vol. 284 No. 5, August 2, 2000) Message-ID: >JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association >Vol. 284 No. 5, August 2, 2000 > >Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians >Following the War in Kosovo > >Barbara Lopes Cardozo, MD, MPH; Alfredo Vergara, PhD; Ferid Agani, MD; >Carol A. Gotway, PhD > >Context >The 1998-1999 war in Kosovo had a direct impact on large numbers of >civilians. The mental health consequences of the conflict are not known. > >Objectives >To establish the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity associated with the >war in Kosovo, to assess social functioning, and to identify vulnerable >populations among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. > >Design, Setting, and Participants >Cross-sectional cluster sample survey conducted from August to October >1999 among 1358 Kosovar Albanians aged 15 years or older in 558 randomly >selected households across Kosovo. > >Main Outcome Measures >Nonspecific psychiatric morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) >symptoms, and social functioning using the General Health Questionnaire >28 (GHQ-28), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and the Medical Outcomes >Study Short-Form 20 (MOS-20), respectively; feelings of hatred and a >desire for revenge among persons surveyed as addressed by additional >questions. > >Results >Of the respondents, 17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.2%-21.0%) >reported symptoms that met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental >Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for PTSD; total mean score on the >GHQ-28 was 11.1 (95% CI, 9.9-12.4). Respondents reported a high >prevalence of traumatic events. There was a significant linear decrease >in mental health status and social functioning with increasing amount of >traumatic events (P.02 for all 3 survey tools). Populations at increased >risk for psychiatric morbidity as measured by GHQ-28 scores were those >aged 65 years or older (P = .006), those with previous psychiatric >illnesses or chronic health conditions (P<.001 for both), and those who >had been internally displaced (P = .009). Populations at risk for poorer >social functioning were living in rural areas (P = .001), were >unemployed (P = .046) or had a chronic illness (P = .01). Respondents >scored highest on the physical functioning and role functioning >subscales of the MOS-20 and lowest on the mental health and social >functioning subscales. Eighty-nine percent of men and 90% of women >reported having strong feelings of hatred toward Serbs. Fifty-one >percent of men and 43% of women reported strong feelings of revenge; 44% >of men and 33% of women stated that they would act on these feelings. > >Conclusions >Mental health problems and impaired social functioning related to the >recent war are important issues that need to be addressed to return the >Kosovo region to a stable and productive environment. > >JAMA. 2000;284:569-577 > > >In late February 1998, clashes in Kosovo between Serbian police forces >and members of the Kosovo Liberation Army intensified.1 Serbian forces >burned homes and killed dozens of ethnic Albanians in these raids. As a >result of the fighting, thousands of ethnic Albanians were displaced >from their homes in Kosovo; many took refuge with host families, while a >smaller proportion (several thousands) fled to the hills and forests.1 >By the time North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operations began >against Serbia on March 24, 1999, about 260,000 people had been >displaced within Kosovo and 199,000 had fled to other countries.2 It is >estimated that as result of this conflict, more than 800,000 people >became refugees in neighboring countries (mainly Albania, Montenegro, >and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), as well as secondary >countries of asylum in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere. On June >9, 1999, an agreement between NATO and Serbia was reached, and the >following day NATO halted its bombing campaign. > As the Serbian troops began to pull out of Kosovo, the nearly >750,000 Albanians from Kosovo who had been living in refugee camps in >Albania, Macedonia, and Montenegro began to return to Kosovo.2 On their >return, the displaced Albanians had to come to terms with the >destruction of their homes and property, missing family members, and the >traumatic experiences of violence, rape, and persecution. The full >psychological impact of such emergency situations is a neglected issue.3 >However, recent epidemiological studies in Bosnia4 and studies among >Cambodian refugees living on the Thai border5 and in the United States >have shown that psychiatric morbidity is much higher in populations that >have experienced war, persecution, and mass violence.6, 7 > To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and to identify >specific vulnerable populations, the Centers for Disease Control and >Prevention (CDC) and the Institute of Mental Health and Recovery in >Kosovo, in collaboration with Doctors of the World, conducted a mental >health survey among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo from August 20 to October >7, 1999. The survey focused on the period of August 1998 through August >1999, when most of the intense violence took place. > > >METHODS > >Survey Design > >Assuming a true prevalence of 20% of mental health-related problems8 and >a cluster sample design effect of 2, we estimated that a minimum of 1135 >adults aged 15 years or older would be required for a 95% confidence >interval (CI) to detect a prevalence between 15% and 25%. On the basis >of available household size and age distribution, we estimated that a >minimum of 504 households would need to be surveyed. The number of >households targeted was increased to 600 to compensate for refusals and >absent adults and to obtain estimates for various subgroups of the >population. > We conducted a 2-stage, 30-cluster sample survey using the 1991 >Kosovo census as a primary sampling frame. Because these data did not >reflect population movements before and during the ethnic conflict, >additional data sources were used to adjust the 1991 population figures. >These sources were village surveys from the United Nations High >Commissioner for Refugees and food distribution population estimates >from Action Against Hunger (a nongovernmental organization), both >reflecting information collected during the weeks before our survey. The >primary sampling frame consisted of all villages and cities listed in >the 1991 census, excluding those that were predominantly populated by >Serbs (70% Serb population) and those that had a population of less than >100 Albanian inhabitants. The sampling frame was stratified into urban >(cities with a population >10,000) and rural areas. Using this sampling >frame, we estimated the total ethnic Albanian population in Kosovo to be >1.6 million. With probability proportional to population size, we >selected 15 clusters from the rural and 15 from the urban frame in the >first sampling stage. In the second stage of sampling, 20 households >were randomly selected within each chosen cluster (20 households from >each of 30 clusters for a total of 600 households) using an appropriate >method designed for the Expanded Programme on Immunization and adapted >to the particular field conditions.9 > Identification of cluster samples differed for urban centers and >rural villages. No maps were available for the villages, and many >villages were spread out over a large geographic area. We drew maps of >each cluster, which were then divided into segments of approximately >equal populations. We then randomly chose a single segment by first >numbering all segments and then blindly drawing a segment number from a >bag containing all numbers. In the cities, Kosovo Force (KFOR) offices >usually had aerial or other maps available. In these cases, we >superimposed a grid to partition the map into neighborhoods. The >neighborhoods were numbered, and then a number was blindly chosen to >randomly select a neighborhood for our survey. > After a segment or neighborhood was chosen, the first household to >be surveyed was chosen randomly as follows. Households were mapped and >numbered in a random direction from the center to the edge of the >segment, chosen by spinning a bottle. The first household was chosen by >blindly drawing a number from a bag using the same method described >above. The next house was selected to be the closest house to the left, >as the interviewer exited the house just surveyed. This process was >repeated until 20 households were surveyed, or until the team leader >decided it was time to leave for security reasons. > We interviewed all adult members of the household present. To >ensure as much privacy as possible, we encouraged people to complete the >questionnaires in separate rooms, and men and women interviewers paired >up with same-sex interviewees to help them complete the questionnaires. >A security curfew at dusk imposed by KFOR prevented interview teams from >coming back to survey adults not present during the day. Because of the >ongoing threat of land mines, KFOR considered access to some remote >houses unsafe. These homes had to be excluded from our sample and >replaced by the closest accessible household. > Native Kosovar Albanian survey team members had 3 days of training >on general survey objectives, safety precautions, procedures for proper >household selection (including randomly selecting the first household >and handling special situations), and interviewing techniques >(understanding the questionnaires and addressing sensitive topics). All >members of the survey team were closely supervised for the first 2 days, >and they continued to receive daily supervision and instruction until >the survey was completed. Interviewers were instructed to refer >participants who appeared to be in obvious distress to community mental >health services where available. A list of these services was procured >from the nongovernmental organization coordinating office at the United >Nations Mission in Kosovo. > The study protocol was reviewed by a CDC institutional review board >representative and informed consent was obtained verbally from all >participants (with communication occurring in the potential >participant's native language). The study protocol was also reviewed by >Doctors of the World for ethical considerations. > >Screening Tools > >All instruments used in this survey were designed as self-report >questionnaires, but because of a high percentage of illiteracy, >especially in rural areas, questionnaires frequently had to be read >aloud. Because of the need for expediency in collecting data, >interviewers were instructed to read the questionnaires only to those >who were illiterate, and to provide assistance if needed to those who >completed the questionnaire themselves. We used 3 screening tools to >assess mental health problems and social dysfunction: the General Health >Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28),10, 11 the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire >(HTQ),12 and the Medical Outcomes Study 20 (MOS-20).13 We chose these >instruments to obtain information on common, nonspecific psychiatric >problems, to gather information on specific psychiatric syndromes such >as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related traumatic events, >and to get a broad understanding of the level of social functioning and >disability in this population. > The GHQ-28 is used as a community screening tool and for the >detection of nonspecific psychiatric disorders among individuals in >primary care settings.11 A higher mean score on the GHQ-28 represents >poorer mental health status (score range, 0-28). The GHQ-28 is composed >of 4 subscales (score range, 1-7): somatization, anxiety, social >dysfunction, and depression. The HTQ combines the measurement of trauma >events (part I) and symptoms of PTSD (part II), selected from the >Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).14 We >defined the occurrence of PTSD symptoms according to a scoring algorithm >proposed by the Harvard Refugee Trauma Group,4, 12 on the basis of >DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The MOS-20 consists of 20 items on 6 >different scales that assess physical functioning, bodily pain, role >functioning, social functioning, mental health, and self-perceived >general health status. We scored the MOS-20 as recommended in the user's >manual; each raw score was transformed to fit a 0-to-100 scale using a >standard formula,13, 15 with the higher scores on this scale >representing better functioning. All 3 tools have been extensively >validated in many countries and cultures and in many disease >settings.16-18 > To assess the effect of broadly defined demographic characteristics >on mental health status, we collected demographic information including >age, sex, education level, and marital status. We added additional >questions specific to the Kosovar Albanian population on feelings of >hatred and a desire for revenge. All questionnaires were translated into >Albanian and back-translated to English to ensure cultural >appropriateness of the instrument and accuracy of the translation. A >team of Albanian translators including a psychiatrist, a psychologist, >and a primary care physician from the Institute for Mental Health and >Recovery did the translation and adaptation of the screening tools. > >Data Analysis > >We adjusted prevalence estimates and CIs for cluster sampling and >stratification using Epi Info version 6.4.19 Regression analyses were >performed using SUDAAN, release 7.5.2 (Research Triangle Institute, >Research Triangle Park, NC). For continuous variables, we used >multivariate linear regression models to assess the effects of exposure >on outcome and multivariate logistic regression models to analyze >dichotomous outcomes. When the exposure variable had more than 2 levels >(eg, displacement), we made multiple comparisons of the responses >between pairs of the different levels using single df contrasts. When >the exposure variable had a natural ordering (eg, age, education, number >of traumatic events), we did a test for linear trend. All P values were >derived from adjusted Wald F tests based on these regression models, and >P<.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were >adjusted for stratification and the clustered design, and were weighted >to account for unequal selection probabilities among the individual >respondents. > > >RESULTS > >Characteristics of Survey Participants > >A total of 558 households, consisting of 1358 adults aged 15 years or >older, were included in the survey (mean [SD] household size for all >ages, 7.3 [3.5] persons). This is smaller than the target number of 600 >households since logistical and time constraints prevented the >completion of 20 surveys in some villages. However, 558 households is >still greater than the 504 households deemed needed from sample size >calculations. > Demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Of the >adults surveyed, 62.3% were women, 55.8% lived in a rural area, 59.5% >had completed only primary school or less, 67.3% were married, and only >15.1% were currently employed. Nearly 41% of participants reported >having a chronic illness (diagnosis by a medical professional of >hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, asthma, >epilepsy, cancer, or major injury such as loss of a limb), and 1.7% >reported having received a diagnosis by a physician of a previous mental >illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, before the conflict. > The exposure to traumatic events, including displacement, is >summarized in Table 2. High percentages of respondents reported having >personally experienced traumatic events. For example, 66.6% reported >being deprived of water and food, 66.5% reported being in a combat >situation, and 61.6% reported being close to death. Furthermore, 39.4% >of participants reported experiencing 8 or more of the traumatic events >listed; 56.2% had fled to another country as refugees during the past >year, 25.6% had been internally displaced within Kosovo, and only 18.2% >remained in their homes during the war. In all analyses, the traumatic >events were equally weighted since we had no resources for in-depth >questioning needed to provide additional information. > >Mental Health and Social Functioning > >Estimated mean scores on the GHQ-28 and the MOS-20 and the prevalence of >PTSD symptoms from the HTQ are shown in Table 3, along with 95% CIs >adjusted for stratification and cluster design effects. These figures >represent estimates of the population indicator measured by each test >for the adult Albanian population living in Kosovo at the time of this >survey. > For the GHQ-28, the estimated mean total score based on a possible >28 questions was 11.1 (95% CI, 9.9-12.4). A higher mean score signifies >a greater number of symptoms. The mean scores for somatic symptoms and >for anxiety and insomnia were higher compared with the mean scores for >social dysfunction and depression. > The estimated MOS-20 mean scores are shown on a scale of 1 to 100, >with a higher score representing better functioning. In general, >respondents tended to score highest on physical functioning and role >functioning and lowest on the mental health and social functioning >components (Table 3). We compared scores on the MOS-20 with scores of a >US general population14, 20, 21 (data for the Albanian Kosovo population >before the conflict are not available). The mean scores for mental >health (29.6) and social functioning (29.5) were strikingly lower for >the Kosovar Albanians than for the US population (74.7 and 83.3, >respectively). However, there were no great differences between the 2 >populations in the measures of general health, physical functioning, >bodily pain, and role functioning. The estimated prevalence of PTSD >symptoms in this population of Kosovar Albanians was 17.1% (95% CI, >13.2%-21.0%). > >Feelings of Hatred and Revenge > >Questions regarding hatred toward the Serbs and desire for revenge >revealed that high percentages of both men and women (>88% among each) >had strong feelings of hatred, defined as a response of "extreme hatred" >(men, 60% [n = 288]; women, 55% [n = 464]) or "a lot of hatred" (men, >29% [n = 142]; women, 35% [n = 271]). The proportions of people having >strong feelings of revenge were lower (> 43% for both men and women), >but still very high. Strong feelings of revenge were defined as a >response of feeling revenge "all the time" (men, 35% [n = 159]; women, >23% [n = 192]) or "a lot of the time" (men, 16% [n = 92]; women, 20% [n >= 166]). Of those men and women who had feelings of revenge ("all the >time," "a lot of the time," or "sometimes"), 44.2% of men (n = 177) and >33.3% of women (n = 197) said they would definitely act on those >feelings, and only 17.3% of men (n = 71) and 26.2% of women (n = 184) >said they would not act on those feelings. > >Univariate Statistical Analysis > >Table 4 summarizes the univariate analysis of the effect of selected >demographic factors and exposure to trauma on the mental health and >social functioning outcomes. We present the results of the GHQ-28 total >score, estimated prevalence of PTSD symptoms, and MOS-20 social function >scale as outcome measures in relation to various demographic and trauma >experience measures. P<.05 was considered significant for univariate and >multivariate analyses. Being older, being currently unemployed, being >widowed, having little education, reporting a previously diagnosed >psychiatric illness, and reporting a previous diagnosis of a chronic >health condition were associated in this analysis with a high (eg, >worse) GHQ-28 score, indicating nonspecific psychiatric morbidity. >Similarly, living in a rural setting, being currently unemployed, being >older, having little education, and reporting having received a >diagnosis of a chronic health condition were associated with a low (eg, >worse) social functioning score. Finally, HTQ results indicate that >being female and having received a diagnosis of a chronic health >condition were associated with PTSD symptoms. > Most traumatic event variables (forced separation from family, >murder of family or friend, and increasing number of traumatic events) >but not rape were associated with a worse score in the 3 measured mental >health outcomes, with the exception of forced separation for social >functioning. The association between rape and psychiatric morbidity and >social functioning may be difficult to observe here because of the >relatively small number of reported rape cases. > >Multivariate Statistical Analyses > >Since we had identified 2 different groups of explanatory variables, >demographic and exposure, we treated these differently using a >multivariate analysis. First, the effect of each demographic variable on >the mental health outcomes was adjusted for all other variables, both >demographic and exposure (Table 5). > Subpopulations at risk (statistically significant as measured by >the multivariate analyses) for psychiatric morbidity as measured by >GHQ-28 scores were those aged 65 years or older, those with previous >psychiatric illnesses, and those with self-reported chronic health >problems. In the multivariate analysis, employment, location, sex, >marital status, and education were not statistically significant risk >factors for psychiatric morbidity. Subpopulations at risk for poor >social functioning, as measured by the MOS-20, were people living in >rural areas, those currently unemployed, and those with chronic health >problems. There was no significant decrease in social functioning with >increasing age or education status when adjusted for all other >variables. Women and persons with a previous psychiatric illness had a >significantly higher estimated prevalence of PTSD symptoms. > To analyze the effect of exposure variables on mental health >outcomes, we performed a second multivariate analysis for which all P >values for the relationship between each exposure variable and each >outcome measure were adjusted for all demographic variables, previous >psychiatric illness, and chronic health condition (Table 6). People who >were internally displaced tended to have higher total GHQ-28 scores than >refugees (P = .03) or those who did not move (P = .009). However, there >was no significant difference in the total GHQ-28 scores between >refugees and those who did not move (P = .50), and the displacement >seemed to have no effect on significance for MOS-20 social functioning >scores or the prevalence of PTSD symptoms, when adjusted for the effects >of the demographic variables. > There was a significant linear increase in total GHQ-28 scores >(P<.001), a significant linear decrease in MOS-20 social functioning >scores (P = .02), and a significant linear increase in the prevalence of >PTSD symptoms (P<.001) with increasing numbers of trauma events (Table >6). Specific traumatic events seemed to be closely related to specific >mental health conditions. People experiencing forced separation from >family or murder of a family member or friends had significantly higher >total GHQ-28 scores and significantly higher prevalence of PTSD symptoms >than people without these experiences. People experiencing murder of a >family member or friend also had significantly lower MOS-20 social >functioning scores. > A rape experience seemed to have no effect on GHQ-28 scores, MOS-20 >social functioning, or prevalence of PTSD symptoms, although, as stated >earlier, a relationship may be difficult to observe due to the >relatively small number of reported rape cases. > > >COMMENT > >There was a high prevalence of traumatic events (Table 2) among the >Kosovar Albanians, and large numbers appear to have experienced multiple >traumas. Higher levels of PTSD symptoms, an increase in nonspecific >mental morbidity as measured by the GHQ-28, and a decrease in social >functioning were associated with higher levels of cumulative trauma. >These relationships remained even after adjusting for the effects of >demographic variables, previous psychiatric illness, and other chronic >health conditions. Our results are consistent with those of other >studies.22-24 Although the 4 subscales of the GHQ-28 provide information >on types of symptoms, they have not been designed to make a psychiatric >diagnosis. They do, however, give information on the mean scores for >somatic, anxiety, social dysfunction, and severe depression symptoms >(Table 3). It has been shown in other studies that the 4 subscales are >not independent from each another.11 In our study, the mean scores for >somatic symptoms and anxiety and insomnia were higher than those for >social dysfunction and severe depression. It is possible that in this >culture depression is more likely to be expressed as somatic and anxiety >symptoms. Alternatively, despite the traumatic events experienced by >many people by the time of the survey, there may have been a genuine >sense of hope and optimism because the war had ended, and people were >rebuilding their homes, lives, and country. > The optimal threshold score to determine prevalence of psychiatric >morbidity from the GHQ-28 has not been established for this population. >Although we found that the GHQ-28 was well accepted and easy to >administer, the interpretation of the results for prevalence estimates >is not straightforward unless an optimal cutoff score is established for >the specific population. Goldberg et al25 have suggested that a mean >score will provide a rough guide to the best threshold; however, this >would always result in a general psychiatric morbidity prevalence of >approximately 50%. Adopting a similar method with a conservative cutoff >score of 11/12 out of 28 (so that those answering positively to 12 >questions would be considered a "case"), we found an estimated >prevalence of nonspecific psychiatric morbidity of 43%. In studies of >general populations in 15 different countries, the highest cutoff score >found was 6/7.26-28 However, no cutoff scores have been published for >refugee populations or those recently exposed to war, where it is likely >that the prevalence of nonspecific psychiatric morbidity is much higher >than in general populations. > A similar type of cutoff score is needed to estimate the prevalence >of psychiatric morbidity using the MOS-20 in refugee populations. In the >US population, a cutoff score of 52 (range, 0-100) was established based >on studies of the relationship between mental health and clinical >measures of the probability of any psychiatric disorder.13 Using the >same cutoff score for the Kosovo population would result in an estimated >prevalence of psychiatric disorder of 83.5% vs 13.2% in the US >population.20 Further clinical validation of the GHQ-28 and the MOS-20 >is under way to establish the best thresholds for the Kosovar >population. The estimated prevalence of PTSD symptoms (17.1%) is >somewhat lower than the reported PTSD figures (26.3%) for Bosnian >refugees living in Croatia.4 > The findings from the GHQ-28, MOS-20, and HTQ confirm earlier >anecdotal reports that while the general health status of the Kosovo >population remained fairly stable, mental problems related to the war >situation are common. This is in line with other findings in refugee >camps and war/conflict situations.3-7 No baseline general mental health >status data from before the war are available for Kosovo. However, in >our survey, self-reporting of previous mental illness (1.7%) correlated >with findings in other populations.29 > We identified several subpopulations at risk for poor mental health >status and social functioning and we also attempted to identify >mitigating factors. In general, Kosovar Albanians younger than 35 years >old, in good physical health, and without previous psychiatric illness >appear to have been protected from war-related psychiatric morbidity. >Future research will have to determine whether there are other >protective factors that could be influenced by policy (eg, adequate >housing, social and community support). Social functioning was >significantly lower among the population in rural areas; however, >location did not seem to have the same effect on general mental health. >It is possible that the extensive disruption of the civic infrastructure >in the rural areas made it harder to function socially than in cities, >but closer family ties in these areas mitigated mental health problems. >Not unexpectedly, people with previous psychiatric illness had worse >mental health outcomes, including higher levels of PTSD symptoms, than >did those without such illness. Similarly, indication of a previously >diagnosed chronic health condition was associated with general >psychiatric morbidity and social functioning but not PTSD. > As measured by the GHQ-28 scores, people who were internally >displaced had worse mental health status than did refugees and those who >never moved. In fact, a subsequent analysis revealed that on the >average, those who did not move experienced a mean (SE) of 5.36 (0.53) >traumatic events, while refugees experienced an average of 6.87 (0.33) >and those internally displaced an average of 8.02 (0.56). This >difference was statistically significant (P = .01). Virtually all people >who were internally displaced were being persecuted, and as a result of >this suffered continuous trauma. People who became refugees faced >similar traumatic events, but usually of shorter duration because they >were able to escape to other countries. It can be hypothesized that >people who never moved away from their homes were able to stay because >they happened to be in relatively safer areas and thus experienced less >trauma. > There are a number of limitations to this study. Women were >overrepresented in our sample probably because they were more likely to >be at home during the daytime (data from other sources30 indicate that >the male-female ratio in Kosovo is close to 1). People who were employed >during the time of the survey were less likely to be home during the >day. Because of security curfews it was not possible to return to homes >and interview those who were absent during the day. There is a >possibility that some people who were the most stressed, because they >were living in the most dangerous areas, were excluded from our study. >However, if at all, this exclusion happened very seldom and would have >resulted in underreporting of mental morbidity. Our study might be >somewhat limited in statistical power since resources were available to >sample only 30 clusters. However, the potential reduction in statistical >power may have been moderated by the use of a stratified design. > Because no structured clinical interviews were performed, it is >unclear to what extent self-reported symptoms of PTSD and nonspecific >psychiatric morbidity, in the HTQ and the GHQ-28 respectively, would >match clinical diagnosis. It is possible that cross-cultural differences >could have influenced the results of this study. Even though the >screening instruments used were created and validated in developed >nations similar to Kosovo, the instruments were not specifically >validated for this society. However, the GHQ-28 has proven to be a >reliable instrument in a wide variety of cultures. The HTQ traumatic >events section was specifically adapted for the Kosovo situation. > Although not traditionally part of a mental health survey, the >questions regarding feelings of hatred and a desire for revenge give a >poignant picture of all-too-common emotions in this setting. These >findings underscore the challenge faced by the interim government of the >United Nations Mission in Kosovo as it to seeks to establish >reconciliation among different ethnic groups. > > >CONCLUSIONS > >Whether measured by the prevalence of nonspecific psychiatric morbidity >(43%), social dysfunction, or prevalence of PTSD symptoms (17.1%), our >study demonstrates the severity of mental health problems among Kosovar >Albanians. > When we conducted this survey the war had just ended. The wounds of >war were still fresh, including the events that had shaken the lives of >hundreds of thousands of people. Violence and acts of revenge continue >in Kosovo. On the basis of the results of our survey, these incidents >are not surprising. Mental health problems related to the psychological >trauma of war and conflict situations are a major public health concern. >The high rates of poor mental health status among those internally >displaced and refugees who have returned to Kosovo also raises concern >for the mental health status of those who remain in countries of asylum >and resettlement. > Until the psychological and social effects of the war and >persecution in Kosovo are evaluated over time, we must exercise caution >in basing future predictions on the results of our survey. Follow-up >studies and monitoring of mental health problems to determine long-term >effects of multiple, prolonged, and severe traumatic events among the >Kosovar Albanian population will provide more accurate data for policy >recommendations. > > >Author/Article Information > >Author Affiliations: National Center for Environmental Health, >International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch (Dr Lopes Cardozo), >National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Quarantine (Dr >Vergara), and National Center for Environmental Health, Environmental >Hazards and Health Effects (Dr Gotway), Centers for Disease Control and >Prevention, Atlanta, Ga; and Institute for Mental Health and Recovery, >Pristina, Kosovo (Dr Agani). > >Corresponding Author and Reprints: Barbara Lopes Cardozo, MD, MPH, >National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control >and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F-48, Atlanta, GA 30341 >(e-mail: bhc8 at cdc.gov). > >Funding/Support: This study was supported by funds from the Centers for >Disease Control and Prevention. > >Acknowledgment: We acknowledge the enormous contribution and logistic >support of Doctors of the World, in particular Supriya Madhavan, who >provided us with invaluable insights into the Kosovo situation. We also >acknowledge the contributions of the interviewers, many of whom >themselves had been refugees or internally displaced during the war, who >made the data collection possible. We also acknowledge the contribution >of mental health staff from the Institute of Mental Health and Recovery >in Pristina, Kosovo. The Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma gave us >invaluable advice, particularly by Richard Mollica, MD, MAR; James >Lavelle, MSW; and Keith McInnes, MS, who shared their extensive clinical >and research expertise in this field. > > >REFERENCES > >1. >United States International Development Agency. >Kosovo Crisis fact sheet. >Available at: >http://www.info.usaid.gov/hum_response/ofda/situation.html. >Accessed June 28, 2000. > >2. >United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). >Kosovo Crisis Update. >Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR; 1999. > >3. >de Jong K, Ford N, Kleber R. >Mental health care for refugees from Kosovo: the experience of >Medecins Sans Frontieres. >Lancet. >1999;353:1616-1617. >MEDLINE > >4. >Mollica RF, McInnes K, Sarajlic N, et al. >Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in >Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. >JAMA. >1999;282:433-439. >ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT | PDF | MEDLINE > >5. >Mollica RF, Donelan K, Tor S, et al. >The effect of trauma and confinement on functional health and mental >health status of Cambodians living in Thailand-Cambodia border >camps. >JAMA. >1993;270:581-586. >MEDLINE > >6. >Weine SM, Vojvoda D, Becker DF, et al. >PTSD symptoms in Bosnian refugees 1 year after resettlement in the >United States. >Am J Psychiatry. >1998;155:562-564. >MEDLINE > >7. >Carlson EB, Rosser-Hogan R. >Mental health status of Cambodian refugees ten years after leaving >their homes. >Am J Orthopsychiatry. >1993;63:223-231. >MEDLINE > >8. >Marsella AJ. >Amidst Peril and Pain: The Mental Health and Well Being of the >World's Refugees. >Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1994. > >9. >Henderson RH, Sundaresan T. >Cluster sampling to assess immunization coverage: a review of >experience with a simplified sampling method. >Bull World Health Organ. >1982;60:253-260. >MEDLINE > >10. >Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. >A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. >Psychol Med. >1979;9:139-145. >MEDLINE > >11. >Goldberg DP. >The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire: A Technique >for the Identification and Assessment of Non-Psychotic Psychiatric >Illness. >London, England: Oxford University Press; 1972. > >12. >Mollica RF, Caspi-Yavin Y, Bollini P, Truong T, Tor S, Lavelle J. >The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: validating a cross-cultural >instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress >disorder in Indochinese refugees. >J Nerv Ment Dis. >1992;180:111-116. >MEDLINE > >13. >Ware JE Jr, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. >SF-36 Health Survey, Manual & Interpretation Guide. >2nd ed. Boston, Mass: The Health Institute, New England Medical >Center; 1997. > >14. >American Psychiatric Association. >Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. >Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994. > >15. >Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. >The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), I: conceptual >framework and item selection. >Med Care. >1992;30:473-483. >MEDLINE > >16. >Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Costa e Silva JA, et al. >An international study of psychological problems in primary care: >preliminary report from the World Health Organization Collaborative >Project on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. >Arch Gen Psychiatry. >1993;50:819-824. >MEDLINE > >17. >Stewart AL, Hays RD, Ware JE Jr. >The MOS short-form general health survey: reliability and validity in a >patient population. >Med Care. >1988;26:724-735. >MEDLINE > >18. >Von Korff M, Ustun TB, Ormel J, Kaplan I, Simon GE. >Self-report disability in an international primary care study of >psychological illness. >J Clin Epidemiol. >1996;49:297-303. >MEDLINE > >19. >Epi Info [computer program]. >Version 6.4. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; >1994. > >20. >Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Keller S. >SF-36 Physical & Mental Health Summary Scales: A User's Manual. >Boston, Mass: Health Assessment Lab; 1994. > >21. >Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, et al. >The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the >Medical Outcomes Study. >JAMA. >1989;262:914-919. >MEDLINE > >22. >Kuch K, Cox BJ. >Symptoms of PTSD in 124 survivors of the Holocaust. >Am J Psychiatry. >1992;149:337-340. >MEDLINE > >23. >Yehuda R, Kahana B, Schmeidler J, Southwick SM, Wilson S, Giller >EL. >Impact of cumulative lifetime trauma and recent stress on current >posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in holocaust survivors. >Am J Psychiatry. >1995;152:1815-1818. >MEDLINE > >24. >Mollica RF, McInnes K, Poole C, Tor S. >Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and >post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass >violence. >Br J Psychiatry. >1998;173:482-488. >MEDLINE > >25. >Goldberg DP, Oldehinkel T, Ormel J. >Why GHQ threshold varies from one place to another. >Psychol Med. >1998;28:915-921. >MEDLINE > >26. >Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, et al. >The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental >illness in general health care. >Psychol Med. >1997;27:191-197. >MEDLINE > >27. >Goldberg D. >Use of the General Health Questionnaire in clinical work [editorial]. >BMJ (Clin Res Ed). >1986;293:1188-1189. > >28. >Furukawa T, Goldberg DP. >Cultural invariance of likelihood ratios for the General Health >Questionnaire [letter]. >Lancet. >1999;353:561-562. >MEDLINE > >29. >Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. >Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI. >6th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. > >30. >Spiegel P, Salama P. >War and mortality in Kosovo 1998-99: an epidemiological testimony. >Lancet. >2000;355:2204-2209. >MEDLINE > >? 2000 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. > ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From aahoti at hotmail.com Fri Aug 4 08:23:03 2000 From: aahoti at hotmail.com (Afrim Hoti) Date: Fri Aug 4 08:23:03 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fwd: Kosovo Moderate Leader Rogova Shot Dead Message-ID: <20000804122145.27820.qmail@hotmail.com> >From: "Afrim Hoti" >To: aahoti at hotmail.com >Subject: Kosovo Moderate Leader Rogova Shot Dead >Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 14:17:13 CEST > >Pristina, Kosovo (ATB)- The Kosovo moderate leader, Ibraim Rogova, was shot >dead in Pristina today in the morning. "Rogova was killed today morning at >9 a.m. by three shots fired from a pistol.", John Steinbaum said. > >He added today's attack appeared to be a planed assassination. One or more >unknown assailants fired two shots to Rogova's head at point blank range. >The third bullet hit his side. > >The international police of UNMIT closed off nearby streets next to >Rogova's residence immediatly after one of his bodyguards announced the >incident. > ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From albert_hyseni at hotmail.com Fri Aug 4 09:31:03 2000 From: albert_hyseni at hotmail.com (Albert Hyseni) Date: Fri Aug 4 09:31:03 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fwd: Kosovo Moderate Leader Rogova Shot Dead Message-ID: Afrim, Dergoma URL-in ku a ke marre kete lajme te lutem ne kete adrese: albert.hyseni at bt.com Te fala, Alberti >From: "Afrim Hoti" >Reply-To: prishtina-e at alb-net.com >To: alb-club at alb-net.com >CC: prishtina-e at alb-net.com, alb-info-talk at egroups.com, >prishtina-l at alb-net.com, alb-information at egroups.com, >albsa-info at alb-net.com, naac-info at alb-net.com >Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fwd: Kosovo Moderate Leader Rogova Shot Dead >Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 14:21:45 CEST > > --- Prishtina-E Discussion Forum --- > Archives: www.alb-net.com/pipermail/prishtina-e > > > > >>From: "Afrim Hoti" >>To: aahoti at hotmail.com >>Subject: Kosovo Moderate Leader Rogova Shot Dead >>Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2000 14:17:13 CEST >> >>Pristina, Kosovo (ATB)- The Kosovo moderate leader, Ibraim Rogova, was >>shot >>dead in Pristina today in the morning. "Rogova was killed today morning at >>9 a.m. by three shots fired from a pistol.", John Steinbaum said. >> >>He added today's attack appeared to be a planed assassination. One or more >>unknown assailants fired two shots to Rogova's head at point blank range. >>The third bullet hit his side. >> >>The international police of UNMIT closed off nearby streets next to >>Rogova's residence immediatly after one of his bodyguards announced the >>incident. >> > >________________________________________________________________________ >Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com > >_______________________________________________________ >Prishtina-E discussion forum: Prishtina-E at alb-net.com >http://www.alb-net.com/mailman/listinfo/prishtina-e ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From IHoti12345 at aol.com Fri Aug 4 11:17:01 2000 From: IHoti12345 at aol.com (IHoti12345 at aol.com) Date: Fri Aug 4 11:17:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fwd: Kosovo Moderate Leader Rogova Shot Dead Message-ID: JU LUTEM ME TREGONI SE A ASHT E VERTET SE IBRAHIM RUGOVA ASHT VRA.KESHTU LEXOVA INFORMATAT NGA AFRIM HOTI.NEQOFTESE EXISTON MUNDESIJA ME LAJMRONI SA MA SHPEJT PER REALITETIN NEQOFTESE JU DINI DIQ.FALEMINDERIT. ME NDERIME I.HOTI From rdelia at ukonline.co.uk Fri Aug 4 17:09:01 2000 From: rdelia at ukonline.co.uk (rdelia) Date: Fri Aug 4 17:09:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] =?iso-8859-1?Q?Qendra_p=EBr_Informim_e_Kosov=EBs?= Message-ID: <000901bffe58$58980c40$0de286d4@pbncomputer> eshte vrare kryetari i deges se LDK se Cabratit e jo Ibrahim Rugova. Keto rreana eshte duke i perhap Thaqi i cili po perdore metoden e Enver Hoxhes e Fatos Nanos per marrjen e pushtetit ne Kosove dhe deshtimi ne "zbulimin e tij" le te dyshoje se edhe Kushneri mund te kete gisht ne keto vrasje politike http://www.kosova.com/i000804.htm -------------- next part -------------- HTML attachment scrubbed and removed -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Qendra p?r Informim e Kosov?s.url Type: application/octet-stream Size: 138 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://www.alb-net.com/pipermail/prishtina-e/attachments/20000804/87fe126b/attachment.obj From burimh at hotmail.com Sat Aug 5 08:50:00 2000 From: burimh at hotmail.com (Burim Hana) Date: Sat Aug 5 08:50:00 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Qendra pėr Informim e Kosovės Message-ID: Rame, ku e pa ti allahile qi Thaqi e qiti qit rrene. A bon me ma cu web-page-in qi e more, a vec po ia rrase palidhje...? Me nderime Burimi >From: "rdelia" >Reply-To: prishtina-e at alb-net.com >To: >Subject: [Prishtina-E] Qendra p?r Informim e Kosov?s >Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2000 22:09:56 +0100 > > >eshte vrare kryetari i deges se LDK se Cabratit e jo Ibrahim Rugova. > >Keto rreana eshte duke i perhap Thaqi i cili po perdore metoden e Enver >Hoxhes e Fatos Nanos per marrjen e pushtetit ne Kosove >dhe deshtimi ne "zbulimin e tij" le te dyshoje se edhe Kushneri mund te >kete gisht ne keto vrasje politike > > http://www.kosova.com/i000804.htm ><< Qendrap?rInformimeKosov?s.url >> ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From jeton at hotmail.com Sat Aug 5 09:38:01 2000 From: jeton at hotmail.com (jeton ademaj) Date: Sat Aug 5 09:38:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Qendra pėr Informim e Kosovės Message-ID: WORD UP, BURIM! Albanian politics are complicated enuff, we don't need Albanians spreading unsubstantiated rumors, and we certainly don't need to read OUTRIGHT LIES from our own....evidence should rule the day. tung jeton > >Rame, ku e pa ti allahile qi Thaqi e qiti qit rrene. A bon me ma cu >web-page-in qi e more, a vec po ia rrase palidhje...? > >Me nderime >Burimi > > >>From: "rdelia" >>Reply-To: prishtina-e at alb-net.com >>To: >>Subject: [Prishtina-E] Qendra p?r Informim e Kosov?s >>Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2000 22:09:56 +0100 >> >> >>eshte vrare kryetari i deges se LDK se Cabratit e jo Ibrahim Rugova. >> >>Keto rreana eshte duke i perhap Thaqi i cili po perdore metoden e Enver >>Hoxhes e Fatos Nanos per marrjen e pushtetit ne Kosove >>dhe deshtimi ne "zbulimin e tij" le te dyshoje se edhe Kushneri mund te >>kete gisht ne keto vrasje politike >> >> http://www.kosova.com/i000804.htm >><< Qendrap?rInformimeKosov?s.url >> > >________________________________________________________________________ >Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com > >_______________________________________________________ >Prishtina-E discussion forum: Prishtina-E at alb-net.com >http://www.alb-net.com/mailman/listinfo/prishtina-e ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From Jordan_k at aps.edu Sat Aug 5 12:54:01 2000 From: Jordan_k at aps.edu (Keith Jordan) Date: Sat Aug 5 12:54:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Qendra =?iso-8859-1?Q?p=EBr?= Informim e =?iso-8859-1?Q?Kosov=EBs?= References: Message-ID: <398C477E.FE5C056D@aps.edu> I thought this was the english only page, is that true? Keith From rdelia at ukonline.co.uk Sat Aug 5 14:10:01 2000 From: rdelia at ukonline.co.uk (rdelia) Date: Sat Aug 5 14:10:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] =?iso-8859-1?Q?Re:_=5BPrishtina-E=5D_Qendra_p=EBr_Informim_e_Kosov=EBs?= References: Message-ID: <001301bfff08$6bea4640$32e286d4@pbncomputer> keto vrasje politike,Burim, po behen nga kundershtaret politik(nga ata qe nuk presin fitore ne menyre te rregullt) e keto vrasje po i bejne pikerisht ata te cilet gjate luftes i vrisnin komandantet ushtarak ne menyre qe te vinin deri te kreu i UCK ose per qellime te ngjashme e shumica e tyre jane bere nga dora e Thacit(sa do hidhur, e verteta duhet pranuar) Do te kisha pasur shume deshira ta kisha gabim Te fala Rama ----- Original Message ----- From: Burim Hana To: Sent: Saturday, August 05, 2000 1:49 PM Subject: Re: [Prishtina-E] Qendra p?r Informim e Kosov?s > --- Prishtina-E Discussion Forum --- > Archives: www.alb-net.com/pipermail/prishtina-e > > Rame, ku e pa ti allahile qi Thaqi e qiti qit rrene. A bon me ma cu > web-page-in qi e more, a vec po ia rrase palidhje...? > > Me nderime > Burimi > > > >From: "rdelia" > >Reply-To: prishtina-e at alb-net.com > >To: > >Subject: [Prishtina-E] Qendra p?r Informim e Kosov?s > >Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2000 22:09:56 +0100 > > > > > >eshte vrare kryetari i deges se LDK se Cabratit e jo Ibrahim Rugova. > > > >Keto rreana eshte duke i perhap Thaqi i cili po perdore metoden e Enver > >Hoxhes e Fatos Nanos per marrjen e pushtetit ne Kosove > >dhe deshtimi ne "zbulimin e tij" le te dyshoje se edhe Kushneri mund te > >kete gisht ne keto vrasje politike > > > > http://www.kosova.com/i000804.htm > ><< Qendrap?rInformimeKosov?s.url >> > > ________________________________________________________________________ > Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com > > _______________________________________________________ > Prishtina-E discussion forum: Prishtina-E at alb-net.com > http://www.alb-net.com/mailman/listinfo/prishtina-e > From IHoti12345 at aol.com Sat Aug 5 17:06:01 2000 From: IHoti12345 at aol.com (IHoti12345 at aol.com) Date: Sat Aug 5 17:06:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Re:=20[Prishtina-E]=20Re:=20[Prishtina-E]=20Qendr?= =?ISO-8859-1?Q?a=20p=EBr=20Informim=20e=20Kosov=EBs?= Message-ID: <7d.8a52cb3.26bddb97@aol.com> RAM te lumt ashtu kam edhe un te njejtin mendim per keto raste. sepse gjat luftes ne kosov kan dhan shum prova dhe deshmi ne lidhje me vrasjen e njerzve me te mir ne kosov.fatkeqsisht kemi shum hsembuj per keto krime.Edhe vet kam deshir qe keto krime te mos jen realitet por....? me nderime I.HOTI From juniku at hotmail.com Sat Aug 5 17:32:15 2000 From: juniku at hotmail.com (Uk Lushi) Date: Sat Aug 5 17:32:15 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] THE ALBANIAN (GERMAN) CHAMP Message-ID: <20000730044756.14461.qmail@hotmail.com> A very few Albanian people don't know who Luan Krasniqi is? Those (few) who don't know about him, and those who know about him, but want to know more about "THE CHAMP" from Kosova, please visit his Official Site operated by his promotion company Panix Promotions! www.luankrasniqi.com The site is bilingual, in English and in German. Viel Vergnuegen!:) Uk Lushi ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From ltz1 at columbia.edu Sat Aug 5 17:34:03 2000 From: ltz1 at columbia.edu (Leze Theresa Zagreda) Date: Sat Aug 5 17:34:03 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] JAMA: Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians Following the War in Kosovo (Vol. 284 No. 5, August 2, 2000) Message-ID: <200008032328.TAA24709@howsit.cc.columbia.edu> Forwarded Message: ---------- Return-Path: Received: from mailrelay1.cc.columbia.edu (mailrelay1.cc.columbia.edu [128.59.35.143]) by monire.cc.columbia.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NAA08411 for ; Wed, 2 Aug 2000 13:54:51 -0400 (EDT) Received: from hotmail.com (f312.law7.hotmail.com [216.33.236.190]) by mailrelay1.cc.columbia.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NAA13948 for ; Wed, 2 Aug 2000 13:54:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Wed, 2 Aug 2000 10:54:50 -0700 Received: from 63.210.211.193 by lw7fd.law7.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP; Wed, 02 Aug 2000 GMT X-Originating-IP: [63.210.211.193] From: "Uk Lushi" To: albsa-info at alb-net.com Cc: prishtina-e at alb-net.com, ltz1 at columbia.edu Subject: JAMA: Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians Following the War in Kosovo (Vol. 284 No. 5, August 2, 2000) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2000 17:54:49 GMT Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed Message-ID: X-OriginalArrivalTime: 02 Aug 2000 17:54:50.0051 (UTC) FILETIME= [C0E49930:01BFFCAA] >JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association >Vol. 284 No. 5, August 2, 2000 > >Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians >Following the War in Kosovo > >Barbara Lopes Cardozo, MD, MPH; Alfredo Vergara, PhD; Ferid Agani, MD; >Carol A. Gotway, PhD > >Context >The 1998-1999 war in Kosovo had a direct impact on large numbers of >civilians. The mental health consequences of the conflict are not known. > >Objectives >To establish the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity associated with the >war in Kosovo, to assess social functioning, and to identify vulnerable >populations among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. > >Design, Setting, and Participants >Cross-sectional cluster sample survey conducted from August to October >1999 among 1358 Kosovar Albanians aged 15 years or older in 558 randomly >selected households across Kosovo. > >Main Outcome Measures >Nonspecific psychiatric morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) >symptoms, and social functioning using the General Health Questionnaire >28 (GHQ-28), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and the Medical Outcomes >Study Short-Form 20 (MOS-20), respectively; feelings of hatred and a >desire for revenge among persons surveyed as addressed by additional >questions. > >Results >Of the respondents, 17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.2%-21.0%) >reported symptoms that met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental >Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for PTSD; total mean score on the >GHQ-28 was 11.1 (95% CI, 9.9-12.4). Respondents reported a high >prevalence of traumatic events. There was a significant linear decrease >in mental health status and social functioning with increasing amount of >traumatic events (P.02 for all 3 survey tools). Populations at increased >risk for psychiatric morbidity as measured by GHQ-28 scores were those >aged 65 years or older (P = .006), those with previous psychiatric >illnesses or chronic health conditions (P<.001 for both), and those who >had been internally displaced (P = .009). Populations at risk for poorer >social functioning were living in rural areas (P = .001), were >unemployed (P = .046) or had a chronic illness (P = .01). Respondents >scored highest on the physical functioning and role functioning >subscales of the MOS-20 and lowest on the mental health and social >functioning subscales. Eighty-nine percent of men and 90% of women >reported having strong feelings of hatred toward Serbs. Fifty-one >percent of men and 43% of women reported strong feelings of revenge; 44% >of men and 33% of women stated that they would act on these feelings. > >Conclusions >Mental health problems and impaired social functioning related to the >recent war are important issues that need to be addressed to return the >Kosovo region to a stable and productive environment. > >JAMA. 2000;284:569-577 > > >In late February 1998, clashes in Kosovo between Serbian police forces >and members of the Kosovo Liberation Army intensified.1 Serbian forces >burned homes and killed dozens of ethnic Albanians in these raids. As a >result of the fighting, thousands of ethnic Albanians were displaced >from their homes in Kosovo; many took refuge with host families, while a >smaller proportion (several thousands) fled to the hills and forests.1 >By the time North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operations began >against Serbia on March 24, 1999, about 260,000 people had been >displaced within Kosovo and 199,000 had fled to other countries.2 It is >estimated that as result of this conflict, more than 800,000 people >became refugees in neighboring countries (mainly Albania, Montenegro, >and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), as well as secondary >countries of asylum in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere. On June >9, 1999, an agreement between NATO and Serbia was reached, and the >following day NATO halted its bombing campaign. > As the Serbian troops began to pull out of Kosovo, the nearly >750,000 Albanians from Kosovo who had been living in refugee camps in >Albania, Macedonia, and Montenegro began to return to Kosovo.2 On their >return, the displaced Albanians had to come to terms with the >destruction of their homes and property, missing family members, and the >traumatic experiences of violence, rape, and persecution. The full >psychological impact of such emergency situations is a neglected issue.3 >However, recent epidemiological studies in Bosnia4 and studies among >Cambodian refugees living on the Thai border5 and in the United States >have shown that psychiatric morbidity is much higher in populations that >have experienced war, persecution, and mass violence.6, 7 > To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and to identify >specific vulnerable populations, the Centers for Disease Control and >Prevention (CDC) and the Institute of Mental Health and Recovery in >Kosovo, in collaboration with Doctors of the World, conducted a mental >health survey among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo from August 20 to October >7, 1999. The survey focused on the period of August 1998 through August >1999, when most of the intense violence took place. > > >METHODS > >Survey Design > >Assuming a true prevalence of 20% of mental health-related problems8 and >a cluster sample design effect of 2, we estimated that a minimum of 1135 >adults aged 15 years or older would be required for a 95% confidence >interval (CI) to detect a prevalence between 15% and 25%. On the basis >of available household size and age distribution, we estimated that a >minimum of 504 households would need to be surveyed. The number of >households targeted was increased to 600 to compensate for refusals and >absent adults and to obtain estimates for various subgroups of the >population. > We conducted a 2-stage, 30-cluster sample survey using the 1991 >Kosovo census as a primary sampling frame. Because these data did not >reflect population movements before and during the ethnic conflict, >additional data sources were used to adjust the 1991 population figures. >These sources were village surveys from the United Nations High >Commissioner for Refugees and food distribution population estimates >from Action Against Hunger (a nongovernmental organization), both >reflecting information collected during the weeks before our survey. The >primary sampling frame consisted of all villages and cities listed in >the 1991 census, excluding those that were predominantly populated by >Serbs (70% Serb population) and those that had a population of less than >100 Albanian inhabitants. The sampling frame was stratified into urban >(cities with a population >10,000) and rural areas. Using this sampling >frame, we estimated the total ethnic Albanian population in Kosovo to be >1.6 million. With probability proportional to population size, we >selected 15 clusters from the rural and 15 from the urban frame in the >first sampling stage. In the second stage of sampling, 20 households >were randomly selected within each chosen cluster (20 households from >each of 30 clusters for a total of 600 households) using an appropriate >method designed for the Expanded Programme on Immunization and adapted >to the particular field conditions.9 > Identification of cluster samples differed for urban centers and >rural villages. No maps were available for the villages, and many >villages were spread out over a large geographic area. We drew maps of >each cluster, which were then divided into segments of approximately >equal populations. We then randomly chose a single segment by first >numbering all segments and then blindly drawing a segment number from a >bag containing all numbers. In the cities, Kosovo Force (KFOR) offices >usually had aerial or other maps available. In these cases, we >superimposed a grid to partition the map into neighborhoods. The >neighborhoods were numbered, and then a number was blindly chosen to >randomly select a neighborhood for our survey. > After a segment or neighborhood was chosen, the first household to >be surveyed was chosen randomly as follows. Households were mapped and >numbered in a random direction from the center to the edge of the >segment, chosen by spinning a bottle. The first household was chosen by >blindly drawing a number from a bag using the same method described >above. The next house was selected to be the closest house to the left, >as the interviewer exited the house just surveyed. This process was >repeated until 20 households were surveyed, or until the team leader >decided it was time to leave for security reasons. > We interviewed all adult members of the household present. To >ensure as much privacy as possible, we encouraged people to complete the >questionnaires in separate rooms, and men and women interviewers paired >up with same-sex interviewees to help them complete the questionnaires. >A security curfew at dusk imposed by KFOR prevented interview teams from >coming back to survey adults not present during the day. Because of the >ongoing threat of land mines, KFOR considered access to some remote >houses unsafe. These homes had to be excluded from our sample and >replaced by the closest accessible household. > Native Kosovar Albanian survey team members had 3 days of training >on general survey objectives, safety precautions, procedures for proper >household selection (including randomly selecting the first household >and handling special situations), and interviewing techniques >(understanding the questionnaires and addressing sensitive topics). All >members of the survey team were closely supervised for the first 2 days, >and they continued to receive daily supervision and instruction until >the survey was completed. Interviewers were instructed to refer >participants who appeared to be in obvious distress to community mental >health services where available. A list of these services was procured >from the nongovernmental organization coordinating office at the United >Nations Mission in Kosovo. > The study protocol was reviewed by a CDC institutional review board >representative and informed consent was obtained verbally from all >participants (with communication occurring in the potential >participant's native language). The study protocol was also reviewed by >Doctors of the World for ethical considerations. > >Screening Tools > >All instruments used in this survey were designed as self-report >questionnaires, but because of a high percentage of illiteracy, >especially in rural areas, questionnaires frequently had to be read >aloud. Because of the need for expediency in collecting data, >interviewers were instructed to read the questionnaires only to those >who were illiterate, and to provide assistance if needed to those who >completed the questionnaire themselves. We used 3 screening tools to >assess mental health problems and social dysfunction: the General Health >Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28),10, 11 the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire >(HTQ),12 and the Medical Outcomes Study 20 (MOS-20).13 We chose these >instruments to obtain information on common, nonspecific psychiatric >problems, to gather information on specific psychiatric syndromes such >as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related traumatic events, >and to get a broad understanding of the level of social functioning and >disability in this population. > The GHQ-28 is used as a community screening tool and for the >detection of nonspecific psychiatric disorders among individuals in >primary care settings.11 A higher mean score on the GHQ-28 represents >poorer mental health status (score range, 0-28). The GHQ-28 is composed >of 4 subscales (score range, 1-7): somatization, anxiety, social >dysfunction, and depression. The HTQ combines the measurement of trauma >events (part I) and symptoms of PTSD (part II), selected from the >Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).14 We >defined the occurrence of PTSD symptoms according to a scoring algorithm >proposed by the Harvard Refugee Trauma Group,4, 12 on the basis of >DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The MOS-20 consists of 20 items on 6 >different scales that assess physical functioning, bodily pain, role >functioning, social functioning, mental health, and self-perceived >general health status. We scored the MOS-20 as recommended in the user's >manual; each raw score was transformed to fit a 0-to-100 scale using a >standard formula,13, 15 with the higher scores on this scale >representing better functioning. All 3 tools have been extensively >validated in many countries and cultures and in many disease >settings.16-18 > To assess the effect of broadly defined demographic characteristics >on mental health status, we collected demographic information including >age, sex, education level, and marital status. We added additional >questions specific to the Kosovar Albanian population on feelings of >hatred and a desire for revenge. All questionnaires were translated into >Albanian and back-translated to English to ensure cultural >appropriateness of the instrument and accuracy of the translation. A >team of Albanian translators including a psychiatrist, a psychologist, >and a primary care physician from the Institute for Mental Health and >Recovery did the translation and adaptation of the screening tools. > >Data Analysis > >We adjusted prevalence estimates and CIs for cluster sampling and >stratification using Epi Info version 6.4.19 Regression analyses were >performed using SUDAAN, release 7.5.2 (Research Triangle Institute, >Research Triangle Par) *** REMAINDER NOT SHOWN *** From rkjain at sb.nic.in Mon Aug 7 09:58:01 2000 From: rkjain at sb.nic.in (Rajeev Jain) Date: Mon Aug 7 09:58:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] (no subject) Message-ID: <000701bdc1f8$66b17d00$f60213ac@io-hi-pe-> Hello friends I feel bad about the sorry state of affairs and wish a speedy normalisation to the situation.I think one should promote intetnational tourism also to normalise things.I know some people/tourists who would love to visit kosovo--can somebody give me address of some hotels in kosovo an dhow to visit the place RKJain -------------- next part -------------- HTML attachment scrubbed and removed From juniku at hotmail.com Mon Aug 7 09:58:09 2000 From: juniku at hotmail.com (Uk Lushi) Date: Mon Aug 7 09:58:09 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Independence May Be Only Way to Save the Mission (Los Angeles Times, August 6, 2000) Message-ID: >http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/20000805/t000073530.html > >Sunday, August 6, 2000 > >Independence May Be Only Way to Save the Mission > >By SUSAN BLAUSTEIN > > WASHINGTON--More than a year ago, the allied nations put an end to >Serbian-sponsored barbarity in Kosovo and helped nearly a million >Kosovars return home. But at its current pace, the international mission >in Kosovo is likely to wind up profoundly disappointing the people it >intervened to protect. > Instead of quickly securing the province, rebuilding its >infrastructure, establishing the rule of law, creating strong, central >institutions and encouraging self-governance, allied nations have >tolerated a porous border with Serbia and permitted a Belfast-like >partition of the northern city of Kosovska Mitrovica, enabling Yugoslav >President Slobodan Milosevic to pursue his destabilizing agenda in >Kosovo. The international presence has morphed into a colonial >administration hamstrung even in its simplest tasks by a dearth of >funds, trained personnel and real decision-making authority. Criminal >and revanchist gangs have filled the vacuum created by the absence of >law and law enforcement. > Despite the impression left by media accounts, Kosovo's postwar >violence has not been generated by Albanians alone. While it's >indisputable that Serbs and other minorities have been targeted, it was >Serb attacks on aid workers that temporarily drove the international >relief organizations out of the Serb-dominated portion of Kosovska >Mitrovica in late June. Both Albanian and Serb civilians have been >gunned down in the streets, and evidence suggests that a recent attack >on a Serb Orthodox Church was carried out by Serbian state-run "special >forces." > Perhaps this summer's most hopeful sign is the excitement over >municipal elections slated for October, which have spurred the formation >of dozens of political parties. But most of the parties are >distinguished by personality rather than platform, and although voter >registration was hugely successful among Albanians, only a few hundred >of Kosovo's estimated 100,000 Serbs registered to vote. > Many of Kosovo's woes can be traced to the international >community's reluctance to come to grips with the issue of the >territory's final legal status. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution >1244, the legal authority for the international mission, Kosovo is to >remain a part of Serbia. Many international actors prefer it that way >either out of a long-standing sympathy for the Serb people, as is the >case for France, Greece and Russia; a fear of setting a precedent that >could have ramifications close to home, as could be the case for Britain >(Northern Ireland), Turkey (the Kurds) and Russia (Chechnya); or an >aversion toward rewarding separatist guerrilla movements, in general, >and fueling pan-Albanian aspirations, in particular. > For these reasons, the U.N. resolution has become a convenient >excuse not to address head-on the pressing issue of Kosovo's >independence. Continued violence against Serbs, generally interpreted as >"reverse ethnic cleansing," has also dampened Western appetites for >bestowing more power upon the emerging Albanian leadership. Any further >delay of the independence discussion, however, risks allowing this >pent-up, 800-pound gorilla to be made into more than an imagined threat >by an increasingly restless population fed up with continued lack of >security, instability and uncertainty. An open-ended prolongation of >Kosovo's limbo status can only lead to opportunistic power grabs by >irredentists, criminal groups and those under Belgrade's sway. > There are four additional reasons for a sooner-rather-than-later >approach to Kosovo independence: > * Through its state-sponsored 1998-99 campaign of terror and forced >expulsions, Serbia has forfeited any credible legal claim to sovereignty >over Kosovo. > * Laying out a path toward independence would help disabuse the >Serb population, both in Kosovo and in Serbia proper, of any further >illusions regarding Belgrade's "Greater Serbia" agenda. With >Montenegro's separation apparently only a matter of time, Milosevic's >greatest legacy will be to have shrunk Serbia. > * It was Milosevic who lost Kosovo and should pay the political >price, not the feckless Serbian opposition, which is likely to have >enough trouble running any transitional government without having to >justify a hand-over of Serbia's "holy land" to Albanians. > * The vast majority of Kosovo's residents have demonstrated, in >both their decade-long management of a parallel system of government and >the alacrity with which they have rebuilt their homes, impressive >creativity, industry and follow-through. An expeditious end to their >status as beneficiaries of international assistance can only spur their >development as self-reliant citizens eager. > The international community should work closely with >representatives of all constituencies in Kosovo to draw up an >agreed-upon list of conditions to be met before Kosovo's independence >can finally be earned. Such a road map should begin with palpable >improvement in the human rights situation and a fair and peaceful >outcome to the upcoming municipal elections, which should be followed >quickly by province-wide elections that can endow Kosovo's leaders with >real authority and help to build strong institutions. > NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR), the U.N. and donor nations must follow >through on their respective commitments. KFOR should continue to provide >vigorous security and adequate detention facilities for the foreseeable >future. Donor nations, working through the U.N. and the Organization for >Security and Cooperation in Europe, must deliver on their promises of >several thousand more international police, functioning courts, salaries >for teachers and doctors who could be serving Kosovo's residents instead >of working as drivers and translators for the international community, >and basic infrastructural repairs. > Having freed the people of Kosovo from a repressive regime, the >allies' mandate should be to help them learn to govern themselves. >Providing an umbrella of security, a road map and a timetable for >fulfilling that goal is the international community's only real exit >strategy. * > - - - >Susan Blaustein Frequently Writes on the Balkans > >Copyright 2000 Los Angeles Times ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From cfisher at mailbag.com Mon Aug 7 09:58:11 2000 From: cfisher at mailbag.com (Christopher Fisher) Date: Mon Aug 7 09:58:11 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Re: [Prishtina-l] Re: [ALBANIAN] Serb Terror hits US References: Message-ID: <398CD06B.B51@mailbag.com> Tung, t? gjith?ve! jeton ademaj wrote: > > hi everyone, > > sorry to see more short-sighted B.S. oozing around on these forums, but it > makes it necessary to note that Albanian causes are not served by > reactionary ignorance. How is my reminding people of the need for vigilance against Serbian Anti-Albanian propaganda (esp. in America and elsewhere outside the Balkans) and the urgeing of the Albanian community and supporters to take *peaceful* steps to combat it constitute "reactionary ignorance"? > > Albert and Chris, u have my added indulgence bcuz u r (i hope) Albanians... Jo, nuk jam un? Shqiptar sipas gjakut, por jam plot?sisht Shqiptar n? zemren time e shipirtin tim, dhe un? konsiderohem p?r Shqiptar? rreth ku un? banoj si nj? "v?lla i nd?ruar", dhe jam shum? krenar p?r at?. > but do u really think u sound ********any******** different than say, Mira > Markovic on 60 Minutes (during the bombing) saying "dere iss no Et-nik > klenzing, itt iss like u say itt iss January and itt iss May..." . in other > words, i don't think u can afford to ignore how dis-creditable your > arguments are. I think I sounded very different, in all honesty. I never claimed that Albanians have done no unjustified acts against Serbs in Kosova. Ndoshta jam budall p?r dashurin?, por jo p?r menyrat t? bot?s. :) Neither do I condone any unjustified or unlawful attacks by Albanians against Serbs. What I am concerned with is the Serb nationalist, doing the same thing most bullies like to do, which is abuse people, then on top of it try to make the ones they're abusing look like the "real" bad guys. I love the Albanian community with all my heart and soul-I look upon it as my "second family". And frankly, my "family" has gotten enough "black eyes" from ignorant and stupid people in the world-if I can stop it from happening again, I will do so. I do not claim my suggestions are perfect, or even right, but they are probably better than standing around bitching and doing nothing while Serbs and Greek nationalists continue to whine and bad-mouth the Albanian people. > > ...you can shout about how the Serbs have usurped our land and history for > centuries, but why would u assume that you'd be credible? i mean, ****if i > were an uninterested third party reading your diatribe i'd assume i must > quarantine all further Albanian claims of sufferring**** bcuz your horror > and indignation are plainly mixing with transparent attempts at propaganda. > cheap, lowly and UN-credible propaganda... I'm not interested at this point in pointing out that Albanians have been there longer than Serbs, or that they too fought on the "european" side at Kosovo Polje (though there's plenty of objective evidence to back both assertions up), I'm interested in making sure that people know that Albanians aren't interested in forcing the Islamic (or any other faith) religion on the rest of Europe, giving safe haven to scum like Osama Bin Laden, or setting up a Wahabi or Taliban style theocracy, among other lies I've heard Serbs tell or make inference of. > Albanians have earned their credibility thru real suffering and real blood, > why diminish that by denying that a tiny percentage of Albanians are > endangering Kosova's future thru attacks on Albanians and Serbs and > Minorities... I'm not. there is still much goodwill toward Kosovar Albanians, but it > *is* starting to erode, and the weak unbelievable denials of people like > Albert and Chris are fuel for this process. Again, Jeton, how am I doing this? I am denying nothing, other than blatant falshoods like that of U?K or the Protection Corps being a specifically *muslim* terrorist organization, or a terrorist organization at all. That there are "loose canons" in those groups I think no reasonable person can deny. What we can catagorically deny is the Serbs are this pure, holy race of folks who saved Europe's butt singlehandly from the Turks, that they are the bastion of western civilization, and that they are for some unknown reason always getting "picked on" and treated shabily by those who should love them the most. *That's* the meaning of the "poor little Serby-Werbies" comment on my part. This is the litany they cried out after Croatia, after Bosnia, and louder than ever after Kosova. > > btw, i find that joining a panel discussion is not hard if u can properly > credential yourself (even as a plain-old "community activist") and have (or > aquire!) a reputation for *credible* argument.... Were I to have the spare time, I would do so. As it is, I have been to events and panels where I was the only member of the audience that in any way represented the Albanian community where I live. Everyone else was "too busy". :( > tung! Edhe juve t'ju nj? gjat? jeta! Chris From jlincolnlewis at hotmail.com Thu Aug 10 00:21:01 2000 From: jlincolnlewis at hotmail.com (Jennifer Lincoln-Lewis) Date: Thu Aug 10 00:21:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] (no subject) References: <000701bdc1f8$66b17d00$f60213ac@io-hi-pe-> Message-ID: Rajeev, I wouldn't suggest this is a prime time to take a holiday in Kosovo. Visiting friends or colleagues is one thing, but pure "war tourism" can be dangerous if you are not well enough informed of the dangers (areas that still have landmines or unexploded ordinance, certain ethnic enclaves that become flashpoints and stone passing cars or block roads, etc.). While visiting Kosovo could be an extremely educational and valuable experience, I would suggest you only go if you make arrangements with someone who is familiar with the current situation on the ground to be your guide. I don't want to put anyone off the idea of visiting, because there are some very beautiful, historical and educational experiences to be had. But I would strongly advise caution to those who have not been in the area, and are not familiar with the reality on the ground. With a little help, you could have a great time, just be careful. Jennifer From jeton at hotmail.com Thu Aug 10 17:43:01 2000 From: jeton at hotmail.com (jeton ademaj) Date: Thu Aug 10 17:43:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Re: [Prishtina-l] Re: [ALBANIAN] Serb Terror hits US Message-ID: hello all, howdy chris.... I hereby fess to the fact that my reactions r more directed to Albert, and then Besnik...........however, ....i must express my concern about your tone and level of seriousness, bcuz frankly, one who sounds histrionic and poorly thought-out in general who then sez things like "serbi-werbi sufferrings" is NOT as disturbing as someone who generally speaks credibly but then utters childish dismissals like 'serbi-werbi...' ...I'm reminded of a NYC rally/march in Nov. 1998, led by Joseph DioGuardi. After gathering by the UN (under substantial media coverage), the crowd marched to the offices where Richard Holbrooke was concluding his private employ (to return to diplomacy). After the sound system was plugged in, Joe gave several speeches between those of others, and then kind of got swept-up in a chant someone started: "Holbrooke-MUT! Holbrooke-MUT!!". So there was this former US Congressman, ostensibly (and often) a responsible rep for the concerns of the Albanian Community, bouncing up n down like a demented, grinning dwarf, leading a crowd of Albanians chanting "Holbrooke-MUT! Holbrooke-MUT!!!" in the middle of the World Media Kapital. (luckily the local media ***ignored the whole thing***, and only put a few pix of girls in traditional costumes) ...that's what i re-live when i read an otherwise serious argument infected with utterly non-optimal insults. I'm quite fearful that someone will forget to sort the wheat of some of your arguments from the chaff of contemptible insults I suspect (and hope!) u may only be using here, in the intimacy of this forum. yes, i'm afraid u might inspire someone to use 'serbi-werbi' at the wrong moment (i can imagine many such potential moments, have witnessed similiar events in the past) ...hence my anger. Furthermore, I think some of your suggested political strategies play into Serbian hands in places (u seem to suggest a counter-information campaign too defensive in nature, too oriented toward "thinking like a protectorate", with Albanians complaining/denying childishly to a parental UNMIK/NATO/World-Media-Entity that "-it's not fair! the serbi-werbis hit us first! we're not pulling their hair!"......and i don't like seeing your suggestions that way since u seem to have Albanian interests at heart. ...I think Albanians should address the concerns of the international community in a matter befitting Kosova's new rulers, Albanians. not as an unserious mass of subjects.... that means certain Serbian Accusations should be treated as the shabby, incoherent and unsupportable propaganda that they are. Evidence and analysis are the basis for credible argument about Kosova's future, and that means that one must address any credible Serbian points with utmost seriousness, bcuz anything less is playing the Belgrade Game, where Belgrade attempts to convince the World that 'everyone is guilty, we all lie 'round these parts'. Our credibility as Albanians has been priceless, and should be considered ***sacred***. Serbian Lies grow in strength: ...when Albanians (or Croats or Bosnians or Montenegrins or people defending any of these groups, or defending the truth)weaken their own personal crediblity, ...when worthless counterarguments against the serbs are allowed to flourish.. please keep this in mind, and forgive me if i'm judging too harshly.... tung jeton ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From mehollim at hotmail.com Wed Aug 16 22:34:27 2000 From: mehollim at hotmail.com (Mimoza Meholli) Date: Wed Aug 16 22:34:27 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fw: Apply now to teach in the Kosovo Summer University 2001 Programme Message-ID: >From: "Craig Zelizer" >To: , >CC: "DENNIS J. SANDOLE" , , >"IdilP" >Subject: [nisjobs] Fw: Apply now to teach in the Kosovo Summer University >2001 Programme >Date: Sat, 12 Aug 2000 00:54:56 -0400 > > >----- Original Message ----- >From: Academic Training Association >To: >Sent: Monday, July 24, 2000 1:25 PM >Subject: Apply now to teach in the Kosovo Summer University 2001 Programme > > > > The University of Pristina and the Academic Training Association (ATA, > > formerly know as YSY) invite professors and lecturers to teach at the >first > > Summer University in Kosovo to be held in July / early August 2001. > > > > The programme will bring together regional & international professors >and > > lecturers for a period of three weeks and will provide about 30 courses, > > workshops, lectures, etc. in the humanities, social sciences and natural > > sciences. Courses are taught using a range of new, interactive teaching > > methodologies. The programme particularly aims to intensively train >local > > and regional young academic staff. Students, professionals, and local >(N)GO > > workers are also invited. > > > > As you know, YSY/ ATA implemented a similar project at the University of > > Tuzla, Bosnia & Herzegovina from 1996 through 1998. The project was a >huge > > success and continued and expanded each year. As a result, since 1999 >the > > University of Tuzla has been able to continue the programme >independently. > > > > Professors and lecturers interested in participating in the programme >are > > invited to apply now using the attached application material. >Application > > material can also be downloaded form the ATA website: > > www.academictraining.org. Along with the forms, a list of priority >courses > > is attached. It is also possible to suggest additional courses. > > > > The process of reconstruction underway in Kosovo following the recent > > period of severe violent conflict necessitates the coherent and >coordinated > > actions of all sectors of the society, such as industry, health care, > > public administration, NGOs and education. In particular, a good >education > > system is critical to the provision of the human resources and the >research > > upon which other sectors rely. Kosovo's education system however is > > suffering from not only structural damage and the loss of facilities as >a > > result of the conflict, but also from the lack of access to up-to-date > > knowledge and skills, a curriculum in need of updating, isolation from >the > > wider academic community and a brain drain. > > > > The Summer University Project aims to address the needs of higher >education > > in Kosovo. In addition, the project will prove valuable with regard to > > initiating and encouraging reconciliation and cooperation among academic > > and other communities in the region. In short, the project aims: > > > > - To integrate the Kosovo Higher Education System into the European >system; > > - To foster sustainable co-operation with visiting professors and their > > universities; > > - To improve the quality of education; > > - To broaden the specialist knowledge and professional skills of young > > academic staff; > > - To stimulate regional cooperation and the development of regional > > professional networks; > > - To strengthen links between the University and other sectors of >society. > > > > > > Duration, Reimbursements, Accommodation and Communication > > > > The preferred duration of a course is two to three weeks. Intensive >courses > > have priority. > > Professors and lecturers are kindly requested to try and raise funds at > > their own universities to support their visit to Pristina. For those > > professors who cannot obtain funding, reimbursements are offered for >travel > > and accommodation. No salaries or per diems are paid. The easiest/ >cheapest > > way to travel to Pristina is by flying to Skopje (Macedonia) first and >then > > take a taxi to Pristina. Direct flight to Pristina are available as >well. > > Housing arrangements will be made by ATA and the University of Pristina. > > Visiting professors will stay in rented apartments. Internet facilities >are > > available in the numerous internet caf?'s throughout the city. > > International phone-lines are currently functioning, though barely and > > expensively. This situation will have improved by the summer of 2001. > > Depending on your network provider, it may be possible to use a mobile > > telephone. > > > > > > Classrooms, Teaching materials, Language of instruction, Certificates & > > Recreational Programme > > > > The University of Pristina will provide classrooms and lecture halls >free > > of charge. Literature, journals, and small laboratory equipment will be > > taken to Pristina. Participating professors are provided with a budget >to > > purchase the materials needed. After the courses, the materials will be > > donated to the university or faculty libraries or disseminated amongst >the > > participants. Courses, seminars and forums offered by international > > professors are in English. Translation into the local language will be > > provided for all courses. Through course attendance and examinations, > > certificates can be obtained. The possibility of ECTS credits is being > > discussed with the local faculties. To stimulate informal contact >between > > participants, various social events will be organised. These will >include > > weekly dinners for all professors, excursions in the region and cultural > > events. In the first weekend, a special introductory programme will be > > organised for all visitors. > > > > > > Living conditions > > > > Living conditions have normalised, but are not yet comparable with >Western > > European standards. Health care, public transport, supermarkets, etc. >are > > available. General living expenses are little lower than those in >Western > > Europe. The currency is the German Mark. > > > > > > Safety & travel documents > > > > The prospects for the situation in Kosovo are relatively positive. The > > situation should remain politically stable and non-violent. A negative > > change in the situation in Kosovo may eventually obstruct any academic > > activity in the region. In that case ATA will be entitled to cancel or >to > > postpone the project. Please contact your Foreign Ministry with regard >to > > travel documents. > > > > > > Application procedure > > > > If interested, please complete the application forms attached to this >email > > and return them by email to ksu at academictraining.org, subject header >'KSU > > Application'. All applications, including any suggestions you put >forward > > for course(s), will be discussed by a joint University of Pristina/ UN/ >ATA > > academic board. ATA will keep you informed on the progress of your > > application. > > > > Up to date information with regard to the Summer University can be >obtained > > through the ATA Newsletter. This newsletter will be sent to interested > > participants via email and may also be downloaded from the ATA web-site > > (www.academictraining.org), where additional information can be obtained >on > > these and other activities in the region. > > > > We strongly encourage distribution of this letter and the attached > > application materials to any of your colleagues who may be interested. >If > > you have any further questions or comments, please do not hesitate to > > contact us. > > > > Yours sincerely, > > > > > > > > Y. du Pont, M.R. Richter > > Chairman ATA Programme Officer ATA > > ------------------------------------------ > > The Academic Training Association > > ATA (formerly known as Foundation YSY) is a not-for-profit academic > > organisation based at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ATA > > implemented a similar project at the University of Tuzla, Bosnia for the > > first time in 1996. The project was a success and continued and expanded > > each year until 1998, from which time the University has been able to > > continue the programme independently. Under the Summer University, >Tuzla, > > the numbers of participants from the surrounding area was increased > > steadily each year, constructively contributing to processes of > > reconciliation. Contact between Bosnian academics and those from outside > > the region led to the establishment of international cooperation >networks > > which enabled the continued exchange of information, on for instance > > up-to-date developments in research, and the establishment of spin-off > > long-term cooperation schemes such as fellowship exchange programmes. >Such > > positive outcomes can also be expected in the case of the University of > > Pristina, which is fully in support of the project. > > > > ATA > > Address: > > Vendelstraat 2 > > 1012 XX Amsterdam, The Netherlands > > Tel.: +31 20 525 2495 > > Fax: +31 20 525 2495 > > Email: KSU at academictraining.org > > Internet: www.academictraining.org > > > > > ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From jeton at hotmail.com Thu Aug 24 10:44:01 2000 From: jeton at hotmail.com (jeton ademaj) Date: Thu Aug 24 10:44:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] (no subject) Message-ID: hey guys, 2 articles of interest.... World Wednesday, August 23 2:28 AM SGT Emirati peacekeepers kill two Kosovo Albanians PRISTINA, Yugoslavia, Aug 22 (AFP) - Two Kosovo Albanians, a father and his son, died after they were shot by Emirati peacekeepers during a scuffle with an officer, officials said Tuesday. A spokesman for the Emirati batallion in the UN-administered Yugoslav province, Lieutenant Abdullah Said al-Falassi, said the soldiers had "acted in self-defence" after a group of four people stormed a checkpoint and tried to seize weapons from Emirati contingent, the Emirati news agency WAM reported. The incident happened late Monday at a KFOR checkpoint in the village of Svinjare, in northern Kosovo. "One of the Emirati soldiers fired warning shots towards the four people who continued their attack," Falassi said. "That's when one of the soldiers fired, acting in legitimate defense to protect his comrades." The chief spokesman for the KFOR multinational peacekeeping force, Major Scott Slaten, gave a different version of what led up to the shooting. He said that the two ethnic Albanians shot, aged 54 and 21, became aggressive with peacekeepers conducting "normal security operations at the checkpoint". "During the altercation, the men seriously assaulted a KFOR United Arab Emirate (UAE) officer. A KFOR UAE soldier intervened to protect his officer and fired several shots at the men," he said. The father died on his way to a hospital for civilians run by Moroccan peacekeepers in Mitrovica. The son was operated on in a French military hospital, but died Tuesday at around 2:00 p.m (1200 GMT), Slaten said. The Emirati soldiers form part of the French-led northern brigade of KFOR, a NATO-led force charged with security in the Yugoslav province since the end of Kosovo's 1998-1999 civil war. An investigation has been lauched into the incident, with officers from the main KFOR headquarters in Pristina joining colleagues in the French sector, Slaten said. UN police called to the scene said the scuffle apparently broke out after the ethnic Albanians "decided to ridicule the officers," according to UN spokeswoman Claire Trevena. The UN officers reported that the father had continued to behave violently after his son was shot and was then also shot, she said. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- World Tuesday, August 22 8:31 PM SGT Four members of ethnic Albanian guerrilla group detained: KFOR PRISTINA, Yugoslavia, Aug 22 (AFP) - Four members of an ethnic Albanian guerrilla group which operates in Serbia have been detained in Kosovo by troops searching for two missing Serbs, a KFOR spokesman said Tuesday. Sergeant Pat McGuire said the four had been detained by KFOR and UN police officers on August 2O in the village of Novo Selo, in southeastern Kosovo on the province's boundary with Serbia's tense Presevo Valley area. "The men were stopped in a black jeep which was being looked for in relation to an investigation into the disappearance of two Serbs," McGuire said. "They were taken to Gnjilane where their details were checked on a computer database and they were found to be members of the UCPMB ... They were transferred to the US military base at Camp Bondsteel, where they are being held for questioning." The UCPMB, the self-styled Liberation Army of Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac, is a rebel group based just inside Serbia fighting Serb security forces in the Presevo Valley area, home to some 70,000 ethnic Albanians and which it dubs "Eastern Kosovo." McGuire said that one of the arrested men was Shefket Musliu, a known UCPMB commander. The Kosovo Albanian dailies Zeri and Kosova Sot reported Tuesday that Musliu had been arrested along with Vullnet Ibishi and Lirim Jakupi, and a fourth UCPMB fighter. Kosova Sot said the men were guests at a wedding and were not armed when arrested. Two Serbs have been missing in the area around Kamenice, six mileskilometres) from Novo Selo since August 12, when they set off on a tractor towards an ethnic Albanian area to buy petrol. Gary Carrell, the UN police commander in Kosovo's southeastern region, told AFP that UN police and KFOR had been searching the area ever since without finding any trace of the missing men or their tractor. "We've been going up there everyday and working with KFOR to search the area, but we have not found them," he said. Serbs have regularly been the victims of ethnic violence in Kosovo since a NATO air campaign brought an end to a civil war between ethnic Albanian separatists and Belgrade's forces, and KFOR moved in to the province. On Friday, 10 Serbian children were injured when unidentified attackers threw hand grenades into a basketball court from a passing car. The Presevo Valley area of southern Serbia has, like Kosovo, an ethnic Albanian majority population. The UCPMB, which is thought to be linked to separatist groups in Kosovo, has vowed to liberate the ethnic Albanians from Yugoslav rule, raising fears that fighting might spread beyond the enclave the group controls on the border. US troops serving with KFOR announced on July 31 that they had reinforced their positions along the frontier in an attempt to stop violence spilling over into Kosovo and cut off rebel supply lines. Major Scott Slaten, KFOR's chief spokesman, told AFP that a computer database had been set up to record the details of known UCPMB fighters. US troops stationed on the boundary near the UCPMB's village base of Dobrosin, within a five-kilometre (three-mile) wide demilitarised zone on the Serb side of the boundary, regularly hear fighting between the group and Yugoslav security forces. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com From etrit at alb-net.com Wed Aug 30 11:43:01 2000 From: etrit at alb-net.com (Etrit Bardhi) Date: Wed Aug 30 11:43:01 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Contact to Prishtina University (fwd) Message-ID: Please reply directly. etrit. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2000 13:22:19 +0200 From: Remarque-Zentrum To: support at alb-net.com Subject: Contact to Prishtina University Dear Madam or Sir, the Erich Maria Remarque-Peace-Center is an institution dedicated to research in war/peace and culture. We would like to contact the Department of German, Faculty of Philology of the Prishtina University, but we are not able to find any e-mail address. In spring this year a colleague of mine, lecturer of English at Osnabrueck University (Germany) already had contact to Mrs. Tenta Abrasti of the Department of German. It would be a great help for us, if you can provide any information about how to contact the Department of German in order to install contacts for further cooperation. Thank you for your efforts yours sincerely Dr. Thomas Schneider Director of the Erich Maria Remarque-Peace Center at Osnabrueck University, Germany From iliriana at usa.net Wed Aug 30 17:30:04 2000 From: iliriana at usa.net (Iliriana Mushkolaj) Date: Wed Aug 30 17:30:04 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Kosova Debate Message-ID: <20000830202122.6431.qmail@nwcst313.netaddress.usa.net> Dear All, As you probably know there is a fierce debate going on the web-page of the British newspaper The Guardian, which started a few weeks ago when a pro-Serb correspondent (Jonathan Steele) wrote that Kosovo attrocities were overstated by NATO and others to justify the bombing campaign against the Serbs. Since then, the sane journalists, have sent their opinions and started a public debate, but a lot of Brits and Serbs support the initial claims. I wanted to let you know that the debate seems pretty one-sided now and to remind you to contribute your opinions. Don't forget to ask your friends to contribute their opinions too. To get more quickly to the web site follow the link below. http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/Kosovo/ Good luck to all of us, Iliriana ____________________________________________________________________ Get free email and a permanent address at http://www.netaddress.com/?N=1 From mehollim at hotmail.com Wed Aug 30 17:30:38 2000 From: mehollim at hotmail.com (Mimoza Meholli) Date: Wed Aug 30 17:30:38 2000 Subject: [Prishtina-E] Fwd: [nisjobs] Kosovo Long Term Positions Message-ID: >From: ksmith at acdivoca.org >To: nisjobs at egroups.com >Subject: [nisjobs] Kosovo Long Term Positions >Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2000 20:35:10 -0000 > >ACDI/VOCA, an international development organization, is seeking >long-term candidates for a proposal for Kosovo. Candidates should >have a strong, senior level background in Business/SME Development, >financial restructuring, and/or accounting. MBAs preferred. >Positions require a 1-2 year commitment. Dependents cannot accompany >candidates to Kosovo. Please respond ASAP to Charles LaDuca, >claduca at acdivoca.org, or by fax: 202-626-8726. > > _________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com. Share information about yourself, create your own public profile at http://profiles.msn.com.